Table of Contents
Overview
Definition and Principles
Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique that measures the mass-to-charge ratio of ions, enabling the identification and quantification of molecules in both simple and complex mixtures.[2.1] The fundamental principle of mass spectrometry involves the ionization of molecules, which transforms them from a solution into the gas phase, allowing for their subsequent analysis.[3.1] This methodology serves multiple purposes, including determining the molecular weight of a wide variety of molecules and biomolecules, providing structural information on proteins and their post-translational modifications, and conducting quantitative analyses of both small and large molecules with high sensitivity.[1.1] The origins of mass spectrometry can be traced back to the early twentieth century, when physicists began investigating the characteristics of ionized gases.[5.1] Over the years, mass spectrometry has evolved into a mainstream chemical analysis technique, significantly contributing to discoveries across chemistry, physics, and biochemistry.[4.1] The process typically involves several stages, including sample preparation, ionization, and mass analysis, with various ionization methods employed to suit different types of samples and experimental goals.[24.1] Ionization methods play a crucial role in mass spectrometry, as they determine the types of samples that can be effectively analyzed. Various techniques are employed based on the sample characteristics and the specific goals of the analysis. For instance, Electron Impact (EI) is utilized for volatile compounds, while Chemical Ionization (CI) is more appropriate for polar molecules. Fast Atom Bombardment (FAB) is specifically designed for non-volatile samples. Additionally, Electrospray Ionization (ESI) and Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization (MALDI) are employed for larger biomolecules, allowing for minimal fragmentation during the ionization process.[20.1] ESI, in particular, is a soft ionization technique that can analyze non-volatile or thermally unstable samples, making it especially useful for determining the molecular weights of proteins.[23.1] Each ionization method has distinct advantages and disadvantages, which must be carefully considered in relation to the specific characteristics of the sample and the objectives of the analysis.[21.1]Key Advantages
Mass spectrometry (MS) offers several key advantages that make it an indispensable tool in various scientific fields, particularly in clinical chemistry, biomarker discovery, and drug development. One of the primary benefits of MS is its high sensitivity, which allows for the detection and analysis of low-abundance substances, such as biomarkers and metabolites, in complex biological samples.[9.1] This capability is further enhanced by recent technological advancements, including the development of high-resolution mass analyzers and ion mobility spectrometry, which improve the precision and specificity of molecular analysis.[29.1] In addition to sensitivity, mass spectrometry is characterized by its speed and versatility, enabling rapid analysis of samples. This is particularly beneficial in high-throughput screening drug discovery, where thousands of compounds can be analyzed efficiently.[26.1] The automation of mass spectrometry techniques has also streamlined workflows, making it easier to integrate automated sample preparation, data acquisition, and analysis into clinical applications.[29.1] Mass spectrometry (MS) has emerged as a powerful and adaptable technology, particularly in the fields of proteomics and drug discovery. It plays a crucial role in profiling changes in protein production across various biological samples and systems, thereby contributing significantly to our understanding of biological processes.[28.1] Recent advancements in mass spectrometry-based techniques, such as affinity purification, proximity labeling, cross-linking, and co-fractionation, have greatly enhanced our ability to study protein-protein interactions (PPIs) within cellular environments.[16.1] These innovations not only improve the sensitivity and specificity of PPI studies but also facilitate the integration of experimental data with computational methods, further elucidating complex cellular networks.[16.1] Additionally, mass spectrometry's application in pharmaceutical research includes the automation of high-throughput analysis and the use of liquid chromatography (LC)-MS for the analysis of drug degradation products, underscoring its versatility in drug discovery.[27.1]In this section:
History
Milestones in Mass Spectrometry
The development of mass spectrometry (MS) has been marked by several key milestones that have significantly advanced the field. The origins of mass spectrometry can be traced back to the early 20th century, with foundational experiments conducted by physicists exploring the characteristics of ionized gases. Notably, in 1897, J.J. Thomson's work with cathode rays led to the conclusion that these rays were negatively charged particles, a discovery that earned him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1906.[52.1] In 1921, the first significant coupling of mass spectrometry with gas chromatography was achieved by Roland Gohlke and Fred McLafferty, who developed gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).[45.1] This innovation allowed for the analysis of a broader range of compounds, facilitated by advancements in ionization techniques such as electron ionization (EI) and chemical ionization (CI).[44.1] The introduction of the mass spectrograph by Francis William Aston in the early 20th century was another pivotal moment, as it enabled the discovery of isotopes, which are variations of chemical elements differing in atomic weight.[54.1] Additionally, Dempster's mass spectrometer, which utilized the direction focusing properties of 180-degree deflection in a magnetic field, improved the accuracy of mass determination compared to earlier apparatuses.[55.1] The development of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) in the 1980s further revolutionized mass spectrometry. Koichi Tanaka, along with Franz-Ulrich Karas and Wolfgang Hillenkamp, demonstrated that proteins could be ionized using specific laser wavelengths and matrices, leading to the widespread adoption of MALDI in research.[51.1] Recent advancements have continued to enhance the capabilities of mass spectrometry, particularly in clinical applications and environmental analysis. The integration of high-resolution mass analyzers and ion mobility spectrometry has improved the sensitivity and specificity of analyses, facilitating the discovery of clinical biomarkers.[48.1] Furthermore, mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) has emerged as a powerful tool for mapping molecular distributions on sample surfaces, with applications in pharmaceutical research and environmental science.[57.1]In this section:
Recent Advancements
High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry
Recent advancements in high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) have significantly enhanced the analytical capabilities of this technology, particularly in the detection and analysis of low-abundance species. The introduction of modern HRMS devices has enabled the application of mass defect filtering techniques, which allow for the selective identification of cysteine-containing peptides in complex samples prior to de novo sequencing.[90.1] This capability is crucial for biochemical research, as it facilitates the study of low-abundance proteins that are often overlooked in traditional analyses. Moreover, the integration of HRMS with liquid chromatography has proven to be particularly effective for analyzing glycosphingolipids (GSLs), as it reduces ion suppression and enhances the detection of these low-abundance species.[88.1] This advancement is indicative of a broader trend in mass spectrometry, where the combination of high-resolution techniques with chromatographic methods is improving the sensitivity and specificity of analyses.[98.1] At the American Society for Mass Spectrometry (ASMS) annual conference held from June 3-8, 2023, in Houston, Texas, significant innovations in mass spectrometry were showcased, particularly in the realms of single cells, metabolomics, and biotherapeutics, which are vital for advancing research and industry.[79.1] Mass spectrometry (MS) has established itself as a powerful analytical tool in clinical chemistry and biomarker discovery, enabling the comprehensive analysis of intricate biological samples with high sensitivity and specificity.[80.1] Recent technological advancements, including ion mobility spectrometry and high-resolution mass analyzers, are enhancing the capabilities of mass spectrometry in clinical applications, streamlining workflows, and potentially revolutionizing diagnostic testing and biomarker discovery.[80.1]Applications
Clinical Diagnostics
Mass spectrometry (MS) is a transformative tool in clinical diagnostics, particularly for its role in proteomics and biomarker discovery. It excels in identifying and quantifying biomolecules in biological specimens, significantly advancing the early detection, prognosis, and monitoring of diseases.[124.1] The synergy of MS with technologies like bioinformatics and chromatography has enhanced its clinical applications, enabling the development of assays for clinical chemistry, microbiology, and hematology.[119.1] Recent innovations in MS-based proteomics have deepened our understanding of cellular mechanisms and disease progression, improving the genotype-phenotype relationship.[120.1] Techniques such as liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) are particularly effective in discovering cancer biomarkers, essential for diagnostic assay development and understanding disease mechanisms.[121.1] Additionally, mass spectrometry-based shotgun proteomics facilitates global proteome profiling, crucial for comprehensive biomarker analysis by assigning tandem MS spectra to peptides and inferring protein abundance.[122.1] In personalized medicine, mass spectrometry is increasingly vital due to its rapid, customizable, and cost-effective nature, offering high-throughput methods with exceptional sensitivity and specificity.[146.1] As healthcare shifts towards personalized approaches, MS is poised to tailor therapies based on individual protein profiles, enhancing treatment efficacy and patient outcomes.[147.1] Ongoing advancements in MS technology, including improved sensitivity and data analysis, are set to revolutionize clinical diagnostics and personalized healthcare.[145.1]In this section:
Techniques
Ionization Methods
Various ionization methods are employed in mass spectrometry (MS) to facilitate the analysis of different types of samples. Among these, ambient ionization (AI) techniques have gained prominence due to their capacity for rapid and direct sample analysis with minimal preparation. Techniques such as the atmospheric solids analysis probe (ASAP) and thermal desorption corona discharge (TDCD) exemplify the advancements in AI, allowing for effective analysis of complex samples without extensive preprocessing.[175.1] Ionization methods play a pivotal role in mass spectrometry, with several modern techniques being widely utilized in laboratories. Among these, electrospray ionization (ESI) is a prominent method that facilitates the analysis of various compounds by generating charged droplets from a solution, allowing for the effective detection of analytes.[177.1] Another significant technique is atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), which operates similarly to ESI; however, it employs a corona discharge created by applying voltage to a needle rather than directly to the spray.[177.1] This method is particularly advantageous for analyzing less polar compounds. Additionally, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) is a technique where the sample is bombarded with a laser, providing an alternative approach for ionization in mass spectrometry.[177.1] These ionization techniques, including ESI, APCI, and MALDI, have become essential tools in mass spectrometry, each tailored for specific types of samples and applications.[177.1] Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) is a method of ionization in which the sample is bombarded with a laser.[177.1] This technique, along with other modern methods such as atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and electrospray ionization (ESI), has become integral to mass spectrometry laboratories.[177.1] APCI operates using a similar source as ESI; however, it differs in that the voltage is applied to a needle, creating a corona discharge at atmospheric pressures.[177.1] Ionization methods play a crucial role in mass spectrometry (MS), enabling the analysis of a diverse range of samples. Various ionization techniques are employed, including electron impact, chemical ionization, field ionization, desorption-field desorption, electrospray ionization, matrix-assisted desorption ionization, and plasma desorption.[159.1] These methods are integral to analytical systems, facilitating applications such as secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI), which are particularly noted for their imaging capabilities.[159.1] The utilization of ambient ionization (AI) techniques has significantly increased due to their ability to provide rapid and direct sample analysis with minimal preparation.[160.1] The choice of ionization method is dictated by the specific requirements of the analysis, as different techniques offer unique advantages for various applications.[160.1]Mass Analyzers
Mass analyzers are critical components of mass spectrometry systems, significantly impacting the resolution, accuracy, and speed of the analysis.[168.1] The selection of a mass analyzer is influenced by various factors, which in turn affect the overall performance and results of mass spectrometry experiments.[168.1] Among the different types of mass analyzers, quadrupole analyzers are characterized by their scanning nature, which can limit the acquisition rate and introduce spectral bias.[187.1] In contrast, time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometers operate as nonscanning analyzers, emitting pulses of ions from the source, thus providing distinct operational capabilities.[187.1] Understanding these fundamental differences is essential for determining the most suitable mass analyzer for specific applications in research and industry.[187.1] Quadrupole mass analyzers operate by scanning through a range of m/z values, which can limit their acquisition rate and introduce spectral bias.[187.1] In contrast, TOF mass spectrometers are non-scanning devices that utilize pulsed ion emissions, allowing for rapid analysis and high-resolution measurements.[191.1] Ion trap mass spectrometry excels in performing tandem mass spectrometry, making it particularly effective for the structural elucidation of complex molecules.[190.1] The integration of different mass analyzers can enhance analytical capabilities. For instance, linear quadrupole ion traps can collect and inject ions from continuous sources, combining features of both quadrupole and ion trap technologies.[188.1] Additionally, advancements such as ion mobility spectrometry in TOF mass spectrometers have improved selectivity and performance, particularly for complex biological samples.[171.1] When selecting a mass analyzer for mass spectrometry, it is essential to consider various factors that influence the overall performance and results of the analysis. One critical aspect is the choice of solvent, as selecting an appropriate solvent impacts the quality of the operation and the compatibility of components best suited for the testing goals. Aligning the properties of the solvent with these factors can strategically balance the sample and mass spectrometry techniques, ultimately improving the accuracy of the results.[170.1] Therefore, careful consideration of solvent compatibility is pivotal in optimizing mass spectrometry for specific applications.Challenges And Future Directions
Limitations in Current Techniques
Current mass spectrometry (MS) techniques face several limitations that hinder their effectiveness in metabolomics and environmental analysis. One significant challenge is the de novo identification of metabolites from mass spectra, which is complicated by the differentiation of metabolites from environmental contaminants. This issue is exacerbated by the incomplete databases available for mass spectrometry, which can lead to misidentification or missed detections of relevant metabolites.[200.1] Additionally, the chromatographic separation of isomers presents another hurdle, as similar compounds can co-elute, complicating the analysis and interpretation of results. These challenges necessitate continued innovation in MS technologies to enhance the reliability of metabolite identification in both research and clinical settings.[200.1] Emerging contaminants further complicate the landscape, as they require robust methodologies for accurate detection and quantification. Collaborative efforts and advancements in techniques such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) are essential to address these issues.[211.1] Mass Spectrometry Imaging (MSI) has emerged as a promising tool to tackle some of these limitations by mapping the spatial distribution of pollutants and their transformation products within biological tissues. This technique not only provides insights into the biodistribution of contaminants but also reveals how these pollutants affect the distribution of various biomolecules. Recent advancements in MSI, including improvements in ionization techniques and enhanced spatial resolution, have significantly bolstered its capabilities.[212.1] However, the ongoing refinement of these methods is crucial to fully realize their potential in overcoming the limitations of current mass spectrometry techniques.[212.1]Emerging Trends in Research
Emerging trends in mass spectrometry (MS) research are characterized by significant advancements in high-throughput techniques and imaging capabilities, which are reshaping the landscape of clinical and pharmacological studies. The development of high-throughput mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) methods is particularly noteworthy, as it enables the localization of biomolecules in tissues without prior knowledge of their presence, thus facilitating the discovery of biomolecular changes associated with diseases.[207.1] Future directions in this area include the integration of automated sample loading platforms, which are expected to enhance the efficiency and applicability of high-throughput MSI in biological research.[197.1] Moreover, the demand for mass spectrometry equipment that offers higher throughput, shorter testing times, and smaller footprints is driving innovation in the field.[199.1] Recent studies have highlighted the emergence of high-throughput mass spectrometry metabolomics platforms, which are crucial for identifying metabolites and understanding their contributions to biological processes.[201.1] These advancements are complemented by improvements in computational metabolomics, where machine learning techniques are being employed to enhance data retrieval and interpretation from complex metabolomics datasets.[204.1] In addition to these trends, the integration of advanced mass spectrometry techniques, such as ion mobility spectrometry and high-resolution mass analyzers, is significantly improving the sensitivity and specificity of clinical applications.[206.1] This evolution is expected to streamline workflows and enhance the adoption of mass spectrometry in clinical settings, potentially revolutionizing diagnostic testing and biomarker discovery.[206.1] Furthermore, imaging mass spectrometry technologies are providing molecular context to tissue pathology, thereby advancing our understanding of disease mechanisms and aiding in the identification of potential biomarkers.[209.1]In this section:
References
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[2] Overview of Mass Spectrometry | Thermo Fisher Scientific - US — Mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of proteins measures the mass-to-charge ratio of ions to identify and quantify molecules in simple and complex mixtures. This overview outlines the role of mass spectrometry in the field of proteomics, reviews MS methodology and instrumentation, and touches on sample preparation and liquid chromatography–based separation prior to MS analysis. Downloadable Thermo Scientific Protein Sample Preparation and Quantitation for Mass Spectrometry Handbook about tools and techniques for more robust and reproducible sample processing, protein quantitation and instrument calibration †Although sector instruments have decreased in use due to improvements in mass analyzers (e.g., quadrupole, orbitrap), this simplified diagram conveys a key principle of mass spectrometry, which is its ability to select and analyze specific ions in a complex sample.
[3] Mass Spectrometry: A Technique of Many Faces - PMC - PubMed Central (PMC) — 1.2. A general overview of mass spectrometry. The fundamental principle of MS is the measurement of the mass of a molecule, from which multiple levels and types of information can be gained. The foundation of the technique involves the ionization of molecules i.e. the transformation of molecules from solution to the gas phase.
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[5] Mass Spectrometry: History, Components, Principle, Process, Applications — Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical method used to determine the mass-to-charge ratio of ions. The origins of mass spectrometry may be traced back to the early twentieth century, while physicists began researching the characteristics of ionized gases.
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[16] Recent Advances in Mass Spectrometry-Based Protein Interactome Studies — Recent Advances in Mass Spectrometry-based Protein Interactome Studies - ScienceDirect Recent Advances in Mass Spectrometry-based Protein Interactome Studies Recent developments in mass spectrometry (MS)-based techniques, including affinity purification, proximity labeling, cross-linking, and co-fractionation mass spectrometry (MS), have significantly enhanced our abilities to study the interactome. Finally, we highlight state-of-the-art bioinformatic approaches for predictions of interactome and complex modeling, as well as strategies for combining experimental interactome data with computation methods, thereby enhancing the ability of MS-based techniques to identify protein interactomes. This review highlights recent advancements in mass spectrometry-based techniques for mapping protein interactomes, including affinity purification, proximity labeling, cross-linking, and co-fractionation approaches.
[20] Ionization Methods in Mass Spec: Making Molecules Fly - Bitesize Bio — Mass spectrometry uses ionization methods like Electron Impact (EI) for volatile compounds, Chemical Ionization (CI) for polar molecules, and Fast Atom Bombardment (FAB) for non-volatiles. Electrospray Ionization (ESI) and Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization (MALDI) handle large biomolecules with minimal fragmentation, while APCI
[21] A Beginner's Guide to Mass Spectrometry: Types of Ionization Techniques ... — Learn the basic principles and applications of different ionization methods in mass spectrometry, such as electron ionization, inductively coupled plasma, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, and more. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of hard and soft ionization techniques for various sample types and molecular weights.
[23] 2.3: Ionization Techniques - Chemistry LibreTexts — Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry is a desorption ionization method. Desorption ionization methods can be performed on solid or liquid samples, and allows for the sample to be nonvolatile or thermally unstable. Electrospray ionization is a soft ionization technique that is typically used to determine the molecular weights of proteins
[24] Ionization Source Technology Overview - Thermo Fisher Scientific — Learn about different ionization techniques for mass spectrometry analysis, such as electron impact, chemical ionization, electrospray, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, and more. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of each method for different sample characteristics and experimental goals.
[26] Mass spectrometry in drug discovery: a current review - PubMed — Mass spectrometry has evolved to become an irreplaceable technology in all types of drug discovery applications because of its high sensitivity, speed, selectivity, versatility, and ease of automation. This review will include current mass spectrometric techniques and applications in drug discovery, as well as future prospects.
[27] The role of mass spectrometry in the drug discovery process — This report provides an overview of the recent developments in mass spectrometry (MS) and discusses their contribution to several areas of pharmaceutical research: the automation of MS for high-throughput analysis to support new entity research, the use of liquid chromatography (LC)-MS for mixture analysis of degradation products and drug
[28] The emerging role of mass spectrometry-based proteomics in molecular ... — Mass spectrometry-based proteomics is a powerful and adaptable technology to profile changes in protein production across biological samples and systems, as well as playing an important role in drug discovery .
[29] Mass Spectrometry Advancements and Applications for Biomarker Discovery ... — Mass spectrometry (MS) has become a potent analytical instrument in the fields of clinical chemistry and biomarker discovery, allowing for the comprehensive analysis of intricate biological samples with high sensitivity and specificity. MS capabilities for clinical applications are being further enhanced by ongoing technological advancements, including ion mobility spectrometry and high-resolution mass analyzers . Recent advances in mass-spectrometry-based proteomics have significantly improved automation, streamlining workflows and enhancing clinical applications . As this field progresses, the integration of automated sample preparation, data acquisition, and analysis is expected to further enhance the adoption of mass spectrometry in clinical settings, potentially revolutionizing diagnostic testing and biomarker discovery (Figure 3B). 26.Crutchfield C.A., Thomas S.N., Sokoll L.J., Chan D.W. Advances in mass spectrometry-based clinical biomarker discovery.
[44] Advancements in Mass Spectrometry Techniques for LC-MS and GC-MS — Several advancements in GC-MS have been made possible by the evolution of mass spectrometry. The development of electron ionization (EI) and chemical ionization (CI) techniques has expanded the range of compounds that can be analyzed by GC-MS. EI provides reproducible and easily interpretable mass spectra, while CI allows for the analysis of
[45] Evolution of Mass Spectrometers - Lab Manager — The key milestones in the development of mass spectrometry are described below. Early development. In 1921, ... In 1956, Roland Gohlke and Fred McLafferty initiated the trend of coupling the mass spectrometer to other techniques by developing gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Model 12-101 using GC-MS with a TOF mass spectrometer was
[48] Mass Spectrometry Advancements and Applications for Biomarker Discovery ... — Mass spectrometry (MS) has become a potent analytical instrument in the fields of clinical chemistry and biomarker discovery, allowing for the comprehensive analysis of intricate biological samples with high sensitivity and specificity. MS capabilities for clinical applications are being further enhanced by ongoing technological advancements, including ion mobility spectrometry and high-resolution mass analyzers . Recent advances in mass-spectrometry-based proteomics have significantly improved automation, streamlining workflows and enhancing clinical applications . As this field progresses, the integration of automated sample preparation, data acquisition, and analysis is expected to further enhance the adoption of mass spectrometry in clinical settings, potentially revolutionizing diagnostic testing and biomarker discovery (Figure 3B). 26.Crutchfield C.A., Thomas S.N., Sokoll L.J., Chan D.W. Advances in mass spectrometry-based clinical biomarker discovery.
[51] History of mass spectrometry - Wikipedia — Tanaka received one-quarter of the 2002 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for demonstrating that, with the proper combination of laser wavelength and matrix, a protein can be ionized. Karas and Hillenkamp were subsequently able to ionize the 67 kDa protein albumin using a nicotinic acid matrix and a 266 nm laser. Further improvements were realized through the use of a 355 nm laser and the cinnamic acid derivatives ferulic acid, caffeic acid and sinapinic acid as the matrix. The availability of small and relatively inexpensive nitrogen lasers operating at 337 nm wavelength and the first commercial instruments introduced in the early 1990s brought MALDI to an increasing number of researchers. Today, mostly organic matrices are used for MALDI mass spectrometry.
[52] Mass spectrometry - the early days | Feature | RSC Education — Mass spectrometry - the early days. ... In a series of experiments using cathode ray tubes, Thomson concluded that cathode rays were particles with a negative charge and much smaller in size than an atom. Thomson published this work in 1897, for which he received much acclaim - he was awarded the Nobel Prize for physics in 1906 for this work
[54] Aston Builds the First Mass Spectrograph and Discovers Isotopes — Francis William Aston was a pivotal figure in the early 20th century scientific community, known for constructing the first mass spectrograph, which led to the discovery of isotopes. Isotopes are variations of chemical elements that have the same number of protons but different atomic weights due to varying numbers of neutrons. Aston's work built on earlier theories proposed by scientists like
[55] Mass spectrometry—The early years - ScienceDirect — Dempster's first mass spectrometer employed the direction focussing properties of 180 o deflection in a magnetic field. The ions were produced by surface ionization or electron-bombardment ion-sources allowing the study of ions from solid samples. The accuracy of the mass determination was superior to that obtained by Thomson's parabola apparatus.
[57] [Application advances of mass spectrometry imaging technology in ... — In this review, we provide an overview of the principles, characteristics, mass analyzers, and workflows of different MSI techniques and introduce their latest application advances in the analysis of environmental pollutants and their toxic effects. 环境污染暴露与人类健康和疾病发生发展密切相关。
[79] Top industry advancements in mass spectrometry — Top industry advancements in mass spectrometry - Bioanalysis Zone Recently, there have been new technological advancements and research published on mass spectrometry, with several announcements held at the American Society for Mass Spectrometry conference (ASMS, TX, USA; 4–8 June 2023). Expert Intelligence announces new AI App Builder to aid mass spectrometry analysis The App Builder is an automated platform aimed to replace the need for AI engineering to produce AI applications for mass spectrometry signal analysis, giving scientists an easy-to-use visual AI framework to tackle complex signal data. Researchers from the University of Birmingham (UK), University of Leicester (UK) and the Eindhoven University of Technology (Eindhoven, The Netherlands) have devised a way of utilizing mass spectrometry to analyze the process of molecular glues ‘sticking’ proteins together. Technology Networks press release, www.technologynetworks.com/informatics/product-news/expert-intelligence-launches-ai-app-builder-for-mass-spectrometry-analysis-374240 AI LC-MS mass spectrometry protein
[80] Recent advances in mass spectrometry-based methods to investigate ... — Recent advances in mass spectrometry have furthered the ability to study low abundant species, such as cysteine-containing peptides. Traditional data dependent acquisition (DDA) methods operate by selecting the top n most abundant species within a sample for fragmentation. ... Cell Chem Biol, 30 (2023), pp. 683-698.e3, 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.
[88] Recent advances, challenges, and future directions in the mass ... — Mass spectrometry combined with (ultra)high-performance liquid chromatography has proved to be the most suitable method for the analysis of glycosphingolipids (GSLs). ... which is advantageous for the detection of low abundant GSL due to reduced ion suppression . Unfortunately, ... Recent advances in the mass spectrometric analysis of
[90] Screening Method for the Discovery of Potential Bioactive Cysteine ... — With the advent of modern high resolution (HR) mass spectrometry devices, it now becomes possible to use mass defect filtering of unknown peptides in complex samples. In this study, we expand the mass mapping approach to select for cysteine-containing peptides prior to de novo sequencing, based on NMD, NIS, and overall mass.
[98] PDF — The integration of SPE with mass spectrometry techniques such as Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) further enhances analytical performance by combining the selectivity of chromatographic separation with the sensitivity and specificity of mass spectrometric detection.
[119] Combining bioinformatics and MS-based proteomics: clinical ... - PubMed — Clinical proteomics research aims at i) discovery of protein biomarkers for screening, diagnosis and prognosis of disease, ii) discovery of protein therapeutic targets for improvement of disease prevention, treatment and follow-up, and iii) development of mass spectrometry (MS)-based assays that could be implemented in clinical chemistry, microbiology or hematology laboratories.
[120] Bioinformatics Methods for Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics Data ... — Recent advances in mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics have enabled tremendous progress in the understanding of cellular mechanisms, disease progression, and the relationship between genotype and phenotype. Though many popular bioinformatics methods in proteomics are derived from other omics stu …
[121] Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics Workflows in Cancer Research: The ... — Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based proteomics is a powerful technology for discovering new cancer biomarkers. ... of the current diagnostic assays as well as for the discovery of new prognostic biomarkers that will help us understand disease development and patient ... Software to perform statistical analyses in
[122] Integrating Genomic, Transcriptomic, and Interactome Data to Improve ... — Mass spectrometry (MS)-based shotgun proteomics is an effective technology for global proteome profiling. The ultimate goal is to assign tandem MS spectra to peptides and subsequently infer proteins and their abundance. In addition to database searching and protein assembly algorithms, computational approaches have been developed to integrate genomic, transcriptomic, and interactome
[124] Mass spectrometry-based proteomics as an emerging tool in clinical ... — Mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics have been increasingly implemented in various disciplines of laboratory medicine to identify and quantify biomolecules in a variety of biological specimens. MS-based proteomics is continuously expanding and widely applied in biomarker discovery for early detection, prognosis and markers for treatment response prediction and monitoring. Furthermore
[145] Bridging the Gap From Proteomics Technology to Clinical Application ... — The 68th Benzon Foundation Symposium brought together leading experts to explore the integration of mass spectrometry-based proteomics and artificial intelligence to revolutionize personalized medicine. This report highlights key discussions on recent technological advances in mass spectrometry-based proteomics, including improvements in sensitivity, throughput, and data analysis
[146] Mass Spectrometry-based Personalized Drug Therapy — Personalized drug therapy aims to provide tailored treatment for individual patient. Mass spectrometry (MS) is revolutionarily involved in this area because MS is a rapid, customizable, cost-effective, and easy to be used high-throughput method with high sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. It is …
[147] Translational Omics - The Role of Biomarkers and Mass Spectrometry — As healthcare shifts to embrace personalized medicine, translational omics is playing a pivotal role in shaping the future of healthcare. By integrating genomic and proteomic data, this approach helps bridge the gap between basic research and clinical applications, accelerating breakthroughs in diagnostics and therapies tailored to the unique needs of individual patients.
[159] Mass Spectrometry: A Technique of Many Faces - PMC - PubMed Central (PMC) — 1.2. A general overview of mass spectrometry. The fundamental principle of MS is the measurement of the mass of a molecule, from which multiple levels and types of information can be gained. The foundation of the technique involves the ionization of molecules i.e. the transformation of molecules from solution to the gas phase.
[160] Mass Spectrometry Techniques and Analysis: An Overview — Explore the fundamentals of mass spectrometry, covering ionization, analyzers, and data interpretation for comprehensive analytical insights. ESI’s ability to produce multiply charged ions allows high-mass molecules to be analyzed within the limited m/z range of many mass analyzers. Mass analyzers are integral to mass spectrometry systems, separating ions based on their mass-to-charge (m/z) ratios. The choice of mass analyzer impacts the resolution, accuracy, and speed of the analysis, with different types offering unique advantages for specific applications. The high resolution and mass accuracy of TOF analyzers make them indispensable in applications requiring detailed structural elucidation, such as proteomics and metabolomics. Detectors in mass spectrometry translate separated ions into measurable signals, enabling the identification and quantification of compounds.
[168] A Beginner's Guide to Mass Spectrometry: Mass Analyzers — The choice of mass analyzer can have a significant impact on the resolution, accuracy, and speed of the mass spectrometry analysis.
[170] Solvent Selection for Mass Spectrometry: Key Considerations — Selecting a solvent for mass spectrometry impacts the quality of your operation and the choice of components best suited for your testing goals. Aligning solvent properties with these factors will balance your sample and mass spec techniques in a strategic way that will improve the accuracy of your results. Solvent Compatibility with Mass Spec To choose an appropriate solvent for an analysis
[171] 5 Considerations When Selecting Your Next Research Mass Spec — In addition, state-of-the-art TOF mass spectrometers utilize ion mobility spectrometry to further improve selectivity prior to mass spectral analysis. Complex biological samples, however, require significantly greater mass spectral performance to address the requirements listed above.
[175] Performance Comparison of Ambient Ionization Techniques Using a Single ... — The utilization of ambient ionization (AI) techniques for mass spectrometry (MS) has significantly grown due to their ability to facilitate rapid and direct sample analysis with minimal sample preparation. This study investigates the performance of various AI techniques, including atmospheric solids analysis probe (ASAP), thermal desorption corona discharge (TDCD), direct analysis in real time
[177] Mass Spectrometry Ionization Methods - Emory University — Schools Emory College Give to Emory Home » Tutorial » Mass Spectrometry Ionization Methods More modern techniques of atmospheric pressure chemical Ionization (APCI) , electrospray ionization (ESI), matrix assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) and other derivative methods have taken their place in the mass spectrometry laboratory. Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization (APCI)- APCI is a method that is typically done using a similar source as ESI, but instead of putting a voltage on the spray itself, the voltage is placed on a needle that creates a corona discharge at atmospheric pressures. Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization (MALDI)-MALDI is a method of ionization in which the sample is bombarded with a laser. EMORY HOME GIVE TO EMORY
[187] Comparing the Capabilities of Time-of-Flight and Quadrupole Mass ... — The major cons of quadrupole analyzers are that their scanning nature limits the acquisition rate and leads to spectral bias. The consequences of each will be discussed in more detail later. TOF-MS. A time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer is a nonscanning mass analyzer that emits pulses of ions (or transients) from the source.
[188] Ion Trap and Time of Flight Mass Analyzers - Chromatography Online — Linear quadrupole ion traps (LIT), also known as two-dimensional quadrupole ion traps, have been developed from the conventional quadrupole mass analyzer and can also be used to collect and inject pulses of ions coming from continuous sources. A linear ion trap includes two pairs of rods that collect and trap ions using radio frequencies.
[190] Ion Trap vs. Quadrupole - What's the Difference? | This vs. That — When comparing ion trap and quadrupole mass spectrometry, several key attributes can be considered to determine the most suitable instrument for a specific application. Ion trap mass spectrometry excels in its ability to perform tandem mass spectrometry, making it ideal for structural elucidation of complex molecules.
[191] Introduction to mass analyzers - SHIMADZU CORPORATION — Besides these mass analyzers, an ion trap MS system that temporarily accumulates ions of a selected range before separating them by mass, and a tandem/hybrid MS system that combines multiple MS units have been developed as well. ... Unlike magnetic sector and quadrupole MS, Time-of-Flight (TOF) MS is a pulsed and non-scanning MS. It has a
[197] High-Throughput Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Biological Systems ... — We discuss the rate-determining steps for different MSI methods and future directions in the development of high-throughput MSI techniques. ... Future developments in mass spectrometry instrumentation along with the implementation of automated sample loading platforms will enable new applications of high throughput MSI in biology, drug
[199] The Future of Mass Spectrometry | Bal Seal Engineering — Laboratories are demanding a new era of mass spec equipment that provides higher throughputs, shorter testing times, and smaller footprints. Mass spectrometry is the workhorse of analytical chemistry. It performs the analysis of the sample, making mass spec equipment an essential part of the analytical instrumentation market. A recent shift in the laboratory landscape, though, is forcing a
[200] Current Challenges and Recent Developments in Mass Spectrometry-Based ... — Here, we discuss the ongoing challenges with MS-based metabolomics, including de novo metabolite identification from mass spectra, differentiation of metabolites from environmental contamination, chromatographic separation of isomers, and incomplete MS databases.
[201] Innovation in identifying metabolites from complex metabolome ... — In 2022, five studies on high-throughput mass spectrometry metabolomics analytical platforms and softwares for identifying metabolites and delineating their contribution were published in Nature Protocols (Fu et al., 2022; Horvath et al., 2022; Kilgour et al., 2022; Kirkwood et al., 2022; Pang et al., 2022).These studies have shown metabolic profiling of candidate metabolites as a dominant
[204] Recent advances in mass spectrometry-based ... - ScienceDirect — Recent advances in mass spectrometry-based computational metabolomics - ScienceDirect Search ScienceDirect Recent advances in mass spectrometry-based computational metabolomics open access Machine/deep learning enhances information retrieval from complex metabolomics data. Increasing diversity and resolution of data offer exciting computational challenges. There is an acute need for well characterized datasets to support benchmarking. Techniques for visualization, integration (within or between omics), and interpretation of metabolomics data have evolved along with innovation in the databases and knowledge resources required to aid understanding. Previous article in issue Next article in issue Recommended articles No data was used for the research described in the article. No articles found. For all open access content, the relevant licensing terms apply.
[206] Mass Spectrometry Advancements and Applications for Biomarker Discovery ... — Mass spectrometry (MS) has become a potent analytical instrument in the fields of clinical chemistry and biomarker discovery, allowing for the comprehensive analysis of intricate biological samples with high sensitivity and specificity. MS capabilities for clinical applications are being further enhanced by ongoing technological advancements, including ion mobility spectrometry and high-resolution mass analyzers . Recent advances in mass-spectrometry-based proteomics have significantly improved automation, streamlining workflows and enhancing clinical applications . As this field progresses, the integration of automated sample preparation, data acquisition, and analysis is expected to further enhance the adoption of mass spectrometry in clinical settings, potentially revolutionizing diagnostic testing and biomarker discovery (Figure 3B). 26.Crutchfield C.A., Thomas S.N., Sokoll L.J., Chan D.W. Advances in mass spectrometry-based clinical biomarker discovery.
[207] Current State and Future Challenges of Mass Spectrometry Imaging for ... — The ability of mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to localize panels of biomolecules in tissues, without prior knowledge of their presence and in a label-free manner, has led to a rapid and substantial impact in clinical and pharmacological research, uncovering biomolecular changes associated with disease and providing low cost imaging of
[209] A Vision for Better Health: Mass Spectrometry Imaging for Clinical ... — Background Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is a powerful tool that grants the ability to investigate a broad mass range of molecules from small molecules to large proteins by creating detailed distribution maps of selected compounds. Its usefulness in biomarker discovery towards clinical applications has obtained success by correlating the molecular expression of tissues acquired from MSI with
[211] Environmental Applications of Mass Spectrometry for Emerging ... — Continued innovation in MS technologies and collaborative efforts are essential to overcome existing challenges and ensure sustainable solutions for mitigating the risks associated with emerging contaminants. Keywords: GC-MS; LC-MS; PTR-MS; data analysis; emerging contaminants; mass spectrometry.
[212] Advancing environmental toxicology: The role of mass spectrometry ... — Mass Spectrometry Imaging (MSI) is emerging as a prominent tool in this arena since MSI not only maps the spatial biodistribution of pollutants and their transformation products in tissues of living organisms but also gives information on how these pollutants alter the distribution of various molecules within the tissues. However, the emergence of novel MSI approaches, coupled with ongoing refinements of existing tools and methods (e.g., improvement in ionization techniques, enhanced spatial resolution, image guided ‘omics’, throughput, sensitivity and resolution of MS analysis), has resulted in significant improvements in MSI capabilities. Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) imaging were used to study the distribution and potential metabolic effects in exposed D.